It has been well documented that the perception of feminine beauty is in large part attributed from a woman’s proportions, or overall body symmetry. What does this mean? Well, in the realm of a women’s breast size and shape, it means that we have assigned a great deal of perceived femininity, sexiness and power to the contour of a woman’s body, largely defined by how proportionate her breasts are in relation to the rest of her body. Basically, it is all one big, confusing mathematical equation that we don’t want to get into here for sake of brevity.

Like it or hate it, this is the perception of feminine beauty in today’s society, and many women are feeling the pressure of filling out their clothes just so, and loving the self esteem derived from being able to fill out bras and tops that are so coveted by today’s standards of feminine beauty.

Surgical breast enlargements have become so popular that they were dubbed the second most performed elective surgery in the United States not too long ago. It seems like before you know it, no one will be able to tell who’s breasts are real and who’s are fake, since such a large amount of women are choosing to have this elective surgery.

You should know, many women who have had this procedure are satisfied with their results. The most common complaint is that they don’t feel or look real, and feel hard many times compared to real breasts. Other than that, there seems to be enough positive feedback on breast enlargement that more and more women are opting for this surgery as a means of permanent breast augmentation, to feel better about themselves and more confident.

There are a few things you should know and take into consideration before you elect to undergo this costly surgery. First, make sure you find a board certified doctor. A board certified doctor that comes highly recommended by a friend of acquaintence is even better, since this greatly lends to the credibility and accreditation of the plastic surgeon.

Make sure you can see lots of before and after pictures of the surgeon’s work. A reputable surgeon with a lot of experience and a lot of satisfied clientele will be able to provide these without hesitation.

Beware of deeply discounted surgeries. This should send up a red flag immediately. If you are thinking of have your breast augmentation performed by a surgeon who provides the service at a fraction of the cost, make sure you thoroughly investigate their credentials. Sometimes you can even look a plastic surgeon up on Google and see if they have been reported for any infractions or have had consumer complaints or lawsuits filed against them.

Be sure that you have thoroughly researched the breast size you would like to achieve through the breast enlargement surgery. The best way would probably be to investigate this information online by looking at plenty of before and after pictures of women who underwent the procedure having the same current breast size you have, and what they came out with.

Breast implant size is determined by the cc’s, which is a fluid measurement gauging how much they will fill the implant with the saline solution, which directly determines how large your breasts will be.

Be sure you question your surgeon about expected recovery time, how long you will be out of work, exact cost of the surgery, risks involved, follow up care routines, and other questions you have listed for yourself that may be of particular personal concern. Know that breast implants are not lifetime devices. They do wear out, and they do need to be replaced about once every ten years. Talk to your doctor more about that too.

If, in the end, you decide not to have surgery, and you want to achieve natural breast enlargement with your own natural, soft breast tissue, there are also some effective ways you can achieve natural breast enlargement through nonsurgical means. Thousands of women have done it, so it’s not just a marketing ploy or wishful thinking. Check it out, it’s worth a try if you’re considering surgery to try a natural option first or in lieu of surgical augmentation…

See Natural Breast Enhancement Reviews and Comparisons for more information on naturally stimulating breast growth for naturally larger breasts. Danna Schneider is the founder of BreastEnhancePill.com, a breast enhancement product review and comparison site offering comprehensive breast enlargement option information.

I myself developed a stutter at the age of four or five. My mother had left work to look after me when I was born and I started to talk as normal. Everything was fine until I started school. My mother – who now had more time on her hands, decided to re-start work and I would now be going to a friend of the families after school. This friend was called Jean and she had a son my age called Graham. On the first day I spent at her house everything was going well until Jean called us in for our evening meal. Meal times at my own house were a very relaxed affair, we were able to eat our food wherever we wanted to in the house.

At Jean’s house they ate in a dining room around a dining table. There were a lot of people around the table who I did not know very well and eating in front of them all, made me feel quite uncomfortable. During the meal people were asking me various questions and for whatever reason, I found it difficult to answer and started to stutter. This was the first day of my life as a person who has a stutter.

My parents a few months later took me to speech therapy, the speech therapist advised them that most children will grow out of their stutter. I continued unfortunately to stutter until I was twenty two. At this stage I decided I had had enough and that it was time to overcome the stutter.

I decided to try and find my own stuttering solution. I went about this by reading books about self confidence as I certainly had a low self esteem. I also studied people who I believed were very good talkers and tried to work out how the spoke differently than me, for example the way they breathed.

After nearly a year I was proud to be able to class myself as fluent and as a career I now help other people to achieve fluency.

Steve Hill has a number of websites including:

stuttering

stammering therapy

anti aging specialist

Most people think that cryptography is an island in the magical land of make believe. However, cryptography is very real and not as complex as most would believe. If you use the Internet, you are likely to use applied cryptography in your day-to-day functions. This can be accessing you bank account to retrieve your monthly balance to purchasing automotive parts from a warehouse or manufacturer. Companies use cryptography to make sure sensitive data stays confidential between the intended parties and the data stays intact. Cryptography is the art of converting messages into a secret code or cipher. This process alters a plaintext message using an algorithm to create a ciphertext/encrypted message.

History of Ciphers
Cryptography has been in use for thousands of years. In fact, it was in use before 2000 B.C. Egypt in the form of hieroglyphs. The Greeks even used encryption referred to as the Scytale cipher and was worn as a belt by couriers. The Scytale was designed a combination of a long strip of leather with writing on it and a specific sized staff. This leather strip would be wrapped around the staff to decrypt the ciphertext. Julius Caesar also used a cryptographic algorithm referred to as ROT-3. This encryption shifts the alphabet three spaces to the right and was very effective at the time.

Applied Cryptography
Ok, but how does it affect you? The basic uses of cryptography are to provide confidentially (secrecy of the data), integrity (protection from intentional or unintentional alteration), and authentication (prove you are who you say you are). Some forms even allow for Nonrepudiation services that prove that the message was written, sent, or received. We will briefly discuss the most commonly used cryptographic schemes that you may use every day while leaving the trivial details out.

You will hear the terms X.509 and digital certificates (used in digital signatures) throughout this paper. Digital certificates are used in the same way a real signature is used as a verification of endorsement. The most well know companies that sell these certificates are:

• Verisign – http://www.verisign.com/
• Thwarte – http://www.thawte.com/
(Offers free personal email digital certificates)

Internet traffic (Securing website traffic and email)
HTTPS: Hypertext Transfer Protocol over Secured Socket Layer. Do not mistake HTTPS with SSL. This is a common misnomer that is spread by those that do not understand SSL. HTTPS uses SSL to create an encrypted tunnel between a client and a server. This tunnel lasts the entire connection and is the most common website security feature on the Internet. This form of encryption is established by the use of a server side X.509 certificate that digitally signs the message.

S/MIME: Secure Multipurpose Internet Mail Exchange. S/MIME uses two X.509 certificates (also called digital signature) and both signs and encrypts the email. The author digitally signs the email with their private key. Once this happens, the message is then encrypted with the recipient’s public key and sent. When the message reaches the recipient the message is decrypted with the recipient’s private key, and then verified using the author’s public key. This ensures that people using a packet sniffer (a program that allows a person to view traffic crossing the network) do not see your account information. Email clients like Netscape Communicator and Microsoft Outlook can use S/MIME with little setup required.

S-HTTP: Secured HTTP. The benefit of S-HTTP over HTTPS is the fact that each message is encrypted rather then using a tunnel that is vulnerable to both a man-in-the-middle and a session hijack attack. Another advantage of S-HTTP is that it allows for two-way client/server authentication

Tunneling encryption (Securing network traffic)
IPSec: IP Security Protocol is the most commonly used network encryption for the corporate world. When most people in the computer industry think about Virtual Private Networks (VPN)s, they immediately think of IPSec. Companies that use IPSec need an encrypted tunnel that allows all network traffic to flow through. Unlike SSL, IPSec is not limited to a port. Once the IPSec tunnel has been established, the system should have the same network access that it would have at the physical location. This offers far more power, but also requires far more overhead. Another issue is security. The more open the network, the more vulnerable it is. This is another reason why VPNs are usually on the outside of a firewall. Vulnerabilities to IPSec include session hijacking, and replay attacks.

SSH: Secure Shell provides a terminal like tunnel that protects the data crossing the network and should replace clear text protocols like Telnet and FTP. This allows you to connect to a server over the Internet securely over the Internet and administer remote systems without allowing the rest of the world to see everything you are doing. One of the most popular windows SSH clients is Putty.

SSL: Secured Socket Layer can be used to create a single port/socket Virtual Private Network (VPN) using a server side X.509 certificate. The most common use of SSL is webpage traffic over HTTP or HTTPS. SSL is vulnerable to man-in-the-middle attacks. Anyone can create a CA to distribute certificates, but keep in mind that a digital certificate is only as trustworthy as the CA that controls the certificate.

WEP: Wired Equivalent Privacy. This algorithm uses either a 40-bit key or a 128-bit (24 of the bits is used for the initialization vector) key. Most devices also allow for a wireless access point to filter MAC addresses to increase access controls onto the device. WEP is vulnerable and has been exploited by criminal hackers (crackers) while wardriving since WEP has hit the market. Some of the more popular tools used for wardriving are: Airopeek – a WiFi packet sniffer Airsnort – a WEP encryption key recovery tool Kismet – an 802.11 layer2 wireless network detector Netstumbler – an 802.11 layer2 wireless network detector

WPA: Wi-Fi Protected Access is a new standard that will overtake the old WEP technology in the near future. WPA uses a Pre-Shared Key (PSK) for SOHO networks, and Extensible Authentication Protocol for other wired/wireless networks for authentication. Some cryptoanalysts claimPSK is a weakness due to the fact that a cracker can access the key and brute force the key until it is known. The encryption scheme that is used is Temporal Key Integrity Protocol (TKIP). TKIP ensures more confidentiality and integrity of the data by using a temporal key instead ofthe traditional static key. Most people welcome this technology over the less secure WEP.

File access (Securing individual files)
Stenography: Stenography is the art of concealing files or messages in other media such as a .JPG image or .MPG video. You can add this data in the unused bits of the file that can be seen by using a common hex editor. Stenography is the easiest way to hide a message, but is by far the least secure. Security by obscurity is like a lock on a car door. It is only intended to keep the honest people honest.

PGP: Pretty Good Privacy is a free program that was created by Philip Zimmerman in 1991 and was the first widely accepted public key system. PGP is suite of encryption tools used for encrypting various types of data and traffic. PGP can be used for S/MIME and digitally signing a message. PGP uses a web of trust that allows the community to trust a certificate rather than a hierarchy Certification Authority (CA) to verifythe user’s identification. More information can be found at http://web.mit.edu/network/pgp.html

Personal/Freeware: This can be downloaded from MIT for free.
• Diffie-Hellman key exchange
• CAST 128 bit encryption
• SHA-1 hashing function

Commercial: PGP® Software Developer Kit (SDK) 3.0.3 has received Federal Information Processing Standards (FIPS) 140-2 Level 1 validation by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST).
• RSA key exchange
• IDEA encryption
• MD5 hashing function

CryptoAPI: Microsoft’s cryptography component that allows developers to encrypt data. Microsoft has also developed an ActiveX control called CAPICOM that will even allow script access to the CryptoAPI.

Each encryption model is vulnerable to one attack or another. Below is a list of attack techniques that are used by cryptoanalysts to break the keys used to protect the messages

Ciphertext-Only: This is the easiest to instigate, but hardest to succeed. The attacker retrieves the ciphertext data through listening to the network traffic. Once the key is has been salvaged, the cracker can attempt to brute force the message until it resembles something legible.

Known-Plaintext: This covers the scenario of the cracker having both the plaintext and corresponding ciphertext of one or more messages. In WWII, the Japanese relied on cryptography, but had a weakness of sending formal messages. These messages were able to be broken because the ciphertext started and ended with the same message. Part of the plaintext was known and cryptoanalysts were able to decipher the message using the known-plaintext method.

Chosen-Plaintext: Similar to the know-plaintext attack, but the attacker can choose the plaintext to be encrypted. An attacker can assume someone else identity and send a message to target that needs to be encrypted. Since the plaintext is chosen and the target sends the encrypted message, the chosen-plaintext attack is successful.

Chosen-Ciphertext: The cryptoanalyst is chooses the ciphertext and has access to the decrypted plaintext.

Birthday Paradox: This attack is successful when a hash value of a plaintext matches the hash value of a completely different plaintext. This anomaly is proven mathematically among 23 people, there are 23*22/2 = 253 pairs, each of which being a potential candidate for a match.

Brute-Force: This form of attack is implemented by passing through every possible solution or combination until the answer is found. This is the most resource and time intensive method of attack

Dictionary: The attacker compares the target hash values with hash values of commonly used passwords. Dictionary files can be downloaded from hundreds of Internet sites.

Man-in-the-Middle: The attacker intercepts messages between two parties without either target knowing that the link between them has been compromised. This allows the attacker to modify the message at will.

Replay: Replay attacks are simply the replay of captured data in an attempt to trick the target into allowing the unauthorized access.

Back at the cyber café, if Janet connected to a secured web server using SSL to do her online banking and used S/MIME to send private email, the cyber thief would have never had a chance of seeing her unmentionables.

About the author:
Jeremy Martin CISSP, ISSMP, ISSAP, CEI, CEH, CCNA, Network+, A+
Sr. Information Systems Security Consultant
PLUSS Corporation – http://www.pluss.net
Information Security – http://www.infosecwriter.com (requires flash)
(800) 835-9609 / (406) 892-8600

Member of:
BECCA – Business Espionage Controls & Countermeasures Association
ISACA® Information Systems Audit and Control Association
(ISC) – International Information Systems Security Certification Consortium
ISSA – Information Systems Security Association
OISSG – Open Information Systems Security Group
YEN NTEA – Young Executives Network

There are other useful definitions in this field, for example, creativity can be defined as consisting of a number of ideas, a number of diverse ideas and a number of novel ideas.

There are distinct processes that enhance problem identification and idea generation and, similarly, distinct processes that enhance idea selection, development and commercialisation. Whilst there is no sure fire route to commercial success, these processes improve the probability that good ideas will be generated and selected and that investment in developing and commercialising those ideas will not be wasted.

Core Competency and Competitive Advantage

A core competence is one which critically underpins the organisation’s competitive advantage. Companies can differentiate themselves from their competitors with specific core competencies, but often not for long. The differentiation is difficult to sustain and can often be imitated by competitors.

The integration (and attainment) of constituent skills that is the distinguishing mark of a core competence, is achieved and sustained through developing strong dynamic capabilities, particularly in a world of innovation based competition.

Whilst a core competence is a source of competitive advantage, not all competitive advantages arise from core competencies.
Often seemingly unassailable advantages prove transitory because of a change of underlying factors.

The very existence of competitive advantage sets in motion creative innovations that, as competitors strive to level the playing field, cause the advantage to dissipate.

Recognition of, and adaptation, to change is thus a pre-requisite of successful strategy. For many organisations, the only truly sustainable advantage comes from out-innovating the competition.

These and other topics are covered in depth in the MBA dissertation on Managing Creativity & Innovation, which can be purchased (along with a Creativity and Innovation DIY Audit, Good Idea Generator Software and Power Point Presentation) from http://www.managing-creativity.com/

You can also receive a regular, free newsletter by entering your email address at this site.

You are free to reproduce this article as long as no changes are made and the author’s name and site URL are retained.

Kal Bishop MBA, is a management consultant based in London, UK. He has consulted in the visual media and software industries and for clients such as Toshiba and Transport for London. He has led Improv, creativity and innovation workshops, exhibited artwork in San Francisco, Los Angeles and London and written a number of screenplays. He is a passionate traveller. He can be reached on http://www.managing-creativity.com/

The very latest big actor to grace the west end is James McAvoy, better known from films such as The Last King of Scotland. James McAvoy is presently acting in Three Days of Rain, Three Days of Rain is a classy big budget theatre production based in America about an inheritance. The terrific play looks at brothers and sisters, heartbreak and of course money. Also acting within the theatre production is also Nigel Harman who most members of the public will probably remember from the BBC 1 programme Eastenders.

This month will see brand new musicals coming to the famous theatres of the west end of London and the very most anticipated is Sister Act. The comedy musical Sister Act is based on the storyline of a criminals girlfriend who walks in on a fatal crime and goes on a police protection programme as a lady of the cloth. The gangsters girlfriend lives and works as a church nun and turns the other ladies of the cloth of the church into a fantastic singing troupe. Another super hit this season is the hilarious Calendar Girls, the cute tale of a bunch of older females in their later years who opt to strip off for a calendar to raise cash for their favourite charity. The comedy is based upon the British film by the amazing director Tim Firth and is bound to please all audiences all over the world.

With the enormous interest in plays and musical productions that have beloved actors, most theatre lovers find it challenging to splash out on the complete ticket cover charge. Thankfully, this is where LSBO comes in. Leicester Square Box Office offer play tickets that are up to half price off the face value selling charge. They have became an institution with London residents, the savvy bunch of musical and theatre lovers know that if they get their musical tickets online or from their various booths, they might well get superb seats at amazing prices. If you enjoy London’s West End, then find London theatre tickets at knock down prices online.

A great place to begin is the UK Inland Revenue website : taxcredits.inlandrevenue.gov.uk. On this website you can get information on what benefits/tax credits are available to you, and also how you can claim .

It’s essential to note that the method in which many tax credits are computed are frequently rather complicated, so it’s a wise move to telephone the tax office and chat with an employee there, and divulge your actual circumstances. That way the tax office can find out whether you have a chance to meet the requirements for particular tax credits or not – since the application forms you must complete are often rather long to fill in.

Not is it only important to recognize what tax credits / benefits you may be entitled to, but you might also consider a member of your family who might be eligible for such a benefit.